Researchers at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) are harnessing supercomputers and electronic circuit theory to help save wildlife from ever-shrinking habitats in an emerging scientific field called "computational ecology." The project is run by the University's National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
Here's a little video summarizing this work:
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NCEAS scientists are applying electronic circuit theory to model wildlife migration and gene flow across fragmented landscapes. The research could be instrumental in smart conservation planning, helping organizations decide which lands to preserve or restore - and where to best invest their tight conservation budgets - in order to preserve habitat and connectivity for wildlife populations.
Large Data Sets
Due to the massive volume of landscape data and the novel application of algorithms from circuit theory, NCEAS is working to speed up their code using state of the art sparse linear solvers, graph computations, vectorization and parallelization of their code. The result is a dramatic reduction in computing time from days to minutes on their 8-core server.
"It turns out that circuit theory shares a surprising number of properties with ecological theory describing animal movements and connectivity," says Brad McRae, the NCEAS project leader. "We can now represent landscapes as conductive surfaces - with features like forests and highways having different resistance to movement - and analyze connectivity across them using powerful circuit algorithms. Unlike standard conservation planning tools, these algorithms simultaneously incorporate all possible pathways when predicting how corridors, barriers, and other features affect movement and gene flow over large areas."
Corridors are areas that connect important habitats in human-altered landscapes. They provide natural avenues along which animals can travel, plants can propagate, genetic interchange can occur, species can move in response to environmental changes and natural disasters, and threatened populations can be replenished from other areas. A good example is "Y2Y," or the Yellowstone to Yukon corridor, where U.S. and Canadian conservation organizations are trying to identify which habitats to conserve to protect species from harmful decline or extinction.
Application to Multiple Species
In applying their software to these problems, NCEAS scientists have modeled mountain lion movements in Southern California to identify important connective habitats and corridors. In Central America they modeled how habitat connectivity affects gene flow among threatened populations of mahogany throughout the species' range. They are also analyzing connectivity among populations of wolverines, kit foxes and jaguars. For each species, researchers analyze geographic datasets representing habitat suitability over vast areas - in some cases spanning entire continents.
The challenge was choosing between how large or how finely-scaled the maps should be, explained McRae. "Even a relatively small region like the three-county area of Southern California can contain millions of raster cells, but our computing resources limited how finely we could grid those locations. While a mountain lion might perceive its habitat at a scale of about 100 meters, we originally had to increase the cell sizes to around a kilometer to keep our data requirements manageable," he said. "And even at these lower resolutions, running the models on a single-processor computer without optimized code took three days to complete."
Simulated connectivity among core habitat areas for mountain lions (courtesy Brett Dickson and Rick Hopkins, Live Oak Associates)
Working with Large Graphs
A key step of the NCEAS simulations is a computation on a large graph (or network) that represents the connectivity of the landscape. UCSB Computer Scientist Viral Shah worked with the NCEAS researchers to integrate their code with state of the art sparse linear solvers and the graph toolbox. Scientists can now model larger landscapes with much finer grids, while cutting computing time from days to minutes. The trend is for more applications to combine numerical and combinatorial methods to solve a problem, and tools like Star-P provide a convenient unified platform for numerical and combinatorial computation.
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